A brief history of vitamin C and its deficiency, scurvy
by Harri Hemilä
Scurvy before James Lind
James Lind's treatise
Scurvy as a deficiency of a nutrient
Land scurvy and pediatric scurvy
Animal model for scurvy
Identification and synthesis of vitamin C
Scurvy and the physiological functions of vitamin C
Table 1: Erroneous theories of scurvy by eminent people maintained after James Lind&#;s controlled trial in , which showed that citrus fruit cured scurvy
References
This text is based on pages and of Hemilä (). This document has up to date links to documents that are available via the net. A few old and difficult to reach documents, such as Funk's () paper introducing the term "vitamine" have been digitalized so that they can be read as original texts.
Harri Hemilä Department of Public Health University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland @
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Oct 14,
We were all hearty seamen, no cold did we fear And we have from all sickness entirely kept clear Thanks be to the Captain he has proved so good Amongst all the Islands to give us fresh food.
Song of James Cook&#;s Sailors (Kodicek & Young )
Scurvy before
Tadeus Reichstein (–)
Professor of chemistry
Tadeus Reichstein was born in Wloclawek (Poland) on 20 July and grew up in Zurich.
He studied at ETH Zurich's Department of Natural Sciences and obtained a doctorate under Hermann Staudinger in
After a stint as an assistant to Leopold Ruzicka, he was appointed as a professor of special inorganic and physiological chemistry at ETH Zurich in before being made a professor of pharmaceutical chemistry at the University of Basel in
Hormone research
He particularly made a great contribution to the isolation of steroids in the suprarenal cortex, especially cortisone, receiving the Nobel Prize for Medicine for this hormone research in
Extraction of vitamin C
In Reichstein found a way to obtain vitamin C from glucose in five steps. Only the second step, the conversion of sorbitol into sorbose, posed difficulties as the necessary oxidative fermentation could only be achieved with the aid of natural, wild bacteria. Fruit flies would eventually provide the answer.
Tadeus Reichstein died in Basel on 1 August
Manuscript
Tadeus Reichstein
Tadeus Reichstein was a Polish Nobel Prize-winning chemist.
He was born in Wloclawek, Poland. After passing his early childhood at Kiev, Ukraine, where his father was an engineer, Reichstein was educated, first at a boarding-school at Jena, Germany.
In , working in Zürich, Switzerland, Reichstein succeeded, independently of Sir Norman Haworth and his collaborators in Britain, in synthesising vitamin C (ascorbic acid).
Together with E. C. Kendall and P. S. Hench, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine in for their work on hormones of the adrenal cortex which culminated in the isolation of cortisone.
He died in Basel, Switzerland. The principal industrial process for the artificial synthesis of Vitamin C still bears his name.
Sources:Wikipedia: GNU Free Documentation License
Tadeus Reichstein
The Polish organic chemist Tadeus Reichstein () shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex.
The son of Isidor Reichstein, an engineer, Tadeus Reichstein was born in Wloclawek, Poland, on July 20, In , shortly after his family moved to Zurich, he became a naturalized Swiss citizen. He began the study of chemistry at the State Technical College at Zurich in , qualified in , and in graduated as a doctor of philosophy in chemistry. For some years thereafter he investigated the cause of the flavor of coffee. In he became lecturer in organic and pharmaceutical chemistry at the Zurich Technical College, where in he was appointed titular professor, and in associate professor, of organic chemistry. In he synthesized ascorbic acid, independently of (Sir) Norman Haworth and by a different process.
In Reichstein was appointed professor of pharmaceutical chemistry, and in also of organic chemistry, in the University of Basel. From to he supervised the design of the new Institute of Organic Chemistry at Basel, of which, having meanwhile relinquished the chair of pharmaceutical chemistry (), he was di
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